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Remark 2.3 (global parity)Global parity of n = NB bits is not in AC0

Checked conditional theorem using named classical input Lean checks the implication from a named, unproved classical hypothesis.

1 Paper text

Remark 2.3 (Local vs. global parity) When we say “parity is hard” we mean global parity across the full Boolean input of length n=NBn=NB. In contrast, parity on O(1)O(1) bits is trivial in AC0\AC^0 (hardwire the truth table), and more generally XOR of a constant number of BB-bit blocks is AC0\AC^0-computable. This local/global separation underlies both the two-frame bypass via the nimber difference Δ(P,P′)\Delta(P,P') and the recurrent bypass, which composes local XOR updates over a growing number of steps.

Generated from paper_jmlr.tex, lines 329–334.

2 Explain this

Global parity of all nn bits cannot be computed by constant-depth, polynomial-size circuits of AND, OR and NOT gates. This is the classical lower bound behind every negative result of the paper.

3 How this is formalised

The classical theorem is not proved in Lean. It enters as the named hypothesis ClassicalBoundary.HastadNegl, the negligible-correlation form of Håstad (2014), Corollary 3.2, in the classical circuit conventions. ClassicalBoundary.parityNotAC0_of_hastad proves that it implies the worst-case family statement Barrier.ParityNotAC0 (no family of fixed-depth, polynomial-size formulas computes parity of mm bits for all large mm), including the convention adapters between classical and Lean circuit measures.

Coverage record
Paper anchorrem:local-vs-global-parity (manuscript label)
Displayed asRemark 2.3 (global parity)
ClaimGlobal parity of n = NB bits is not in AC0
Coverage categoryChecked conditional theorem using named classical input
Statement sourcepaper_jmlr.tex lines 329–334; SHA-256 of the normalised block source 521cad39a13ca6cb…
Lean declarations
Named classical inputsHastadNegl
Prose-to-formal notes

The worst-case statement ParityNotAC0 is derived in Lean from the named external input HastadNegl (Håstad 2014, Corollary 3.2, in negligible-family form). The classical theorem itself is not proved.

Audited correspondence rowsrem:local-vs-global-parity
Explanationsexplain/rem:local-vs-global-parity.global, formal/rem:local-vs-global-parity.global
Build evidencefresh isolated rebuild, audit report

4 Lean statement and source

Principal declarations

theorem ClassicalBoundary.parityNotAC0_of_hastad

Module Classical (lean/phase6/Classical.lean, lines 333–350) · file SHA-256 ee9d365e1611d40c… Axioms reported by the fresh build: propext, Classical.choice, Quot.sound

WORST-CASE HARDNESS FROM THE EXTERNAL INPUT: HastadNegl ⇒ ParityNotAC0.

Statement as elaborated and printed by Lean 4.26.0

NimAudit.ClassicalBoundary.HastadNegl → NimAudit.Barrier.ParityNotAC0
Exact source text, lines 333–350
333/-- WORST-CASE HARDNESS FROM THE EXTERNAL INPUT: HastadNegl ⇒ ParityNotAC0. -/334theorem parityNotAC0_of_hastad (hH : HastadNegl) : ParityNotAC0 := by335  intro d c k336  obtain ⟨δ, ⟨hnn, hneg⟩, hcorr⟩ := hH d c k337  obtain ⟨n0, hn0⟩ := hneg 1338  refine ⟨max n0 1, fun m hm => hard_of_premise (ε := 1 / 4) (by omega) (by grind)339    (premise_mono (premise_of_classical (by omega) (hcorr m (by omega))) ?_)⟩340  have h1 := hn0 m (by omega)341  have hm1 : (1 : Rat) ≤ (m : Rat) := by exact_mod_cast (show 1 ≤ m by omega)342  have hpos := hnn m343  simp only [Rat.pow_one] at h1344  -- δ m · (m + 1) ≤ 1 with m ≥ 1 gives δ m ≤ 1/2 < 1345  have : δ m ≤ 1 / 2 := by346    have h2 : δ m * 2 ≤ δ m * ((m : Rat) + 1) := Rat.mul_le_mul_of_nonneg_left (by grind) hpos347    grind348  have h3 := div_le_div_of_le (show (0 : Rat) < 2 by decide) this349  have e : (1 / 2 : Rat) / 2 = 1 / 4 := by grind350  rw [e] at h3; exact h3

Project declarations in the statement: Barrier.ParityNotAC0, ClassicalBoundary.HastadNegl

Project declarations used by the proof or definition body

ClassicalBoundary.ClassicalCorr, ClassicalBoundary.HastadNegl, ClassicalBoundary.Negligible, ClassicalBoundary.premise_mono, ClassicalBoundary.premise_of_classical, ParityCircuit.ParityHard, ParityCircuit.hard_of_premise, Prob.div_le_div_of_le

Definitions these statements use

def ClassicalBoundary.HastadNegl

Module Classical (lean/phase6/Classical.lean, lines 282–286) · file SHA-256 ee9d365e1611d40c…

THE EXTERNAL CLASSICAL THEOREM (Håstad 2014, Cor. 3.2, negligible family form), a hypothesis: for every depth d and polynomial gate bound c·m^k there is a negligible δ with ClassicalCorr d (c·m^k) m (δ m) for all m ≥ 1.

Statement as elaborated and printed by Lean 4.26.0

Prop
Exact source text, lines 282–286
282/-- THE EXTERNAL CLASSICAL THEOREM (Håstad 2014, Cor. 3.2, negligible family form), a283    hypothesis: for every depth d and polynomial gate bound c·m^k there is a negligible δ284    with ClassicalCorr d (c·m^k) m (δ m) for all m ≥ 1. -/285def HastadNegl : Prop :=286  ∀ d c k : Nat, ∃ δ : Nat → Rat, Negligible δ ∧ ∀ m, 1 ≤ m → ClassicalCorr d (c * m ^ k) m (δ m)

Project declarations in the statement: none

Project declarations used by the proof or definition body

ClassicalBoundary.ClassicalCorr, ClassicalBoundary.Negligible

def Barrier.ParityNotAC0

Module Barrier (lean/phase6/Barrier.lean, lines 36–37) · file SHA-256 474ac44cf86dd7e7…

CLASSICAL WORST-CASE PARITY HARDNESS, family form (EXTERNAL HYPOTHESIS).

Statement as elaborated and printed by Lean 4.26.0

Prop
Exact source text, lines 36–37
36/-- CLASSICAL WORST-CASE PARITY HARDNESS, family form (EXTERNAL HYPOTHESIS). -/37def ParityNotAC0 : Prop := ∀ d c k : Nat, ∃ m0 : Nat, ∀ m, m0 ≤ m → ParityHard d (c * m ^ k) m

Project declarations in the statement: none

Project declarations used by the proof or definition body

ParityCircuit.ParityHard

Full modules

ModuleFileLinesImports
Barrierlean/phase6/Barrier.lean496Family, ParityCircuit
Classicallean/phase6/Classical.lean587Bypass

Build evidence: fresh isolated rebuild of all 38 bundled modules with Lean (version 4.26.0, started 2026-10-10T15:21:56Z, finished 2026-10-10T15:27:00Z: 38/38 modules compiled, 1588 axiom reports, no errors. See Build for the commands and the independent audit of 2026-10-10 (dated evidence).